Magneto-hydrodynamics (MHD) is a branch of continuum
mechanics, which deals with the dynamics of electrically
conducting fluids in the presence of electromagnetic fields.
Magneto-hydrodynamic equations are ordinary electromagnetic
and hydrodynamic equations modified to take into account the
interaction between the motion of the fluid and the
electromagnetic field. The effect of the magnetic field on the
convective heat transfer and the mixed convection flow of the
fluid are of paramount importance in engineering. A combined
free and forced convection flow of an electrically conducting
fluid in a cavity with the presence of magnetic field is of special
technical significance because of its frequent occurrence in
many industrial applications such as liquid–metal cooling of
nuclear reactors, electronic packages, electromagnetic casting
and crystal growth. When an electrical current flows in a wire,
the resistance of the wire causes a voltage drop along the wire
and as a result electrical energy is lost.